Western scientific epistemology (RUDDLE & DAVIS, 2013).

"In contrast to interdisciplinary thinking, commonplace is an alternative approach to resource management based partly on deficiencies in Western scientific epistemology and its applications. But arguments are often incomplete, with, for example, reference to the continued hegemonic thinking of a colonialist mentality (Johannes 2003; Ruddle 2007; Ruddle and Hickey 2008; Ruddle and Satria 2010) generally omitted, as are the countervailing opinions of a long list of nineteenthcentury dissidents with regard to Western industrial capitalism, beginning with Karl Marx and his contemporaries. In a genealogy of these eminent persons, Martinez-Alier and Schlupmann (1987) demonstrate countervailing scholarship extending from Popper-Lynkeus (1838-1921) through Lewis Mumford (1895-1990). Notably the lineage includes such eminent dissident ecologists as Ramon Margalef and H.T.Odum, all students or “grandstudents” of this illustrious pedigree.
An ironic volte-face is that Western models scorned by armchair critics are commonly replaced with other currently fashionable Western models. One explanation for such aconfusing practice lurks in the structure of global power, and the position of critics, advocates and academics within it. Essentially, any dissident thinking that challenges the conformity with agendas set by political power brokers and the institutions that implement their policies is either filtered from the academic funding process, or co-opted and “neutered”, and thereby rendered harmless in a politically correct fashion. That means direct challenges are unacceptable to the capitalisticindustrial powers responsible for uneven resource exploitation that masquerades as “development”, “growth” or “progress”, and that is ultimately responsible for the uneven impact of thehypothesised impending global environmental catastrophe (Fletcher 2010; Büscher et al. 2012). Fortunately, the massive problems now confronting us cannot be concealed by even the most powerful of vested interests, since they are easily exposed and publicised worldwide in an age when simple-to-use pocket technology potentially empowers every citizen as a species of investigative journalist".
KENNETH RUDDLE and ANTHONY DAVIS (2013). Full text click here

Fonte: http://www.msvu.ca/site/media/msvu/Documents/Ruddleand%20Davis_AJFS1.pdf?hc_location=ufi

Foto: Paulo Floiençano, extraída do TCC de MAURICIO PEREIRA DE SOUZA